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Can ‘life’ be considered a form of code?

There are countless similarities between computational programming and biological life, as both mathematicians Alan Turing and John von Neumann proposed over 70 years ago. Von Neumann proposed a model of a self-reproducing machine that identified and gathered the materials needed to replicate itself, akin to what cells do during division....
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By , Nov. 12, 2025

How much damage do cyberattacks actually cause?

As we enter the digital era of the 21st century, the role of cyberattacks on state infrastructure has become increasingly effective. From disruptions at Marks & Spencer (M&S), to breaches in the NHS and UK secondary schools, cyberattacks have been a major news source this past year. And yet, despite...
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By , Nov. 12, 2025